Reducing energy consumption in mobile ad-hoc sensor networks

PhD ThesisRecent rapid development of wireless communication technologies and portable mobile devices such as tablets, smartphones and wireless sensors bring the best out of mobile computing, particularly Mobile Ad-hoc Sensor Networks (MASNETs). MASNETs are types of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) that are designed to consider energy in mind because they have severe resource constraints due to their lack of processing power, limited memory, and bandwidth as in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Hence, they have the characteristics, requirements, and limitations of both MANETs and WSNs. There are many potential applications of MASNETs such as a real-time target tracking and an ocean temperature monitoring. In these applications, mobility is the fundamental characteristic of the sensor nodes, and it poses many challenges to the routing algorithm. One of the greatest challenge is to provide a routing algorithm that is capable of dynamically changing its topology in the mobile environment with minimal consumption of energy. In MASNETs, the main reason of the topology change is because of the movement of mobile sensor nodes and not the node failure due to energy depletion. Since these sensor nodes are limited in power supply and have low radio frequency coverage, they easily lose their connection with neighbours, and face diffi culties in updating their routing tables. The switching process from one coverage area to another consumes more energy. This network must be able to adaptively alter the routing paths to minimize the effects of variable wireless link quality, topological changes, and transmission power levels on energy consumption of the network. Hence, nodes prefer to use as little transmission power as necessary and transmit control packets as infrequently as possible in energy constrained MASNETs. Therefore, in this thesis we propose a new dynamic energy-aware routing algorithm based on the trans- mission power control (TPC). This method effectively decreases the average percentage of packet loss and reduces the average total energy consumption which indirectly pro- long the network lifetime of MASNETs. To validate the proposed protocol, we ran the simulation on the Avrora simulator and varied speed, density, and route update interval of mobile nodes. Finally, the performance of the proposed routing algorithm was measured and compared against the basic Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing algorithm in MASNETs.The Ministry of Education of Malaysia: The Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Load balancing based on nodes distribution in mobile sensor network

In a large scale mobile sensor network, some coordinators may exhaust energy earlier if they are connected with excessive number of mobile nodes compared to the others. Balancing the load could stable and prolong the network lifetime, maximizes coordinators capabilities and improves net-work performance. In this paper, a mechanism to balance the coordinators' load based on the distribution of mobile sensor nodes in IEEE 802.15.4 protocol is presented. In this scheme, a coordinator is a static cluster head that collects data from the associated mobile sensor nodes. From the simulation results, the load balancing scheme successfully balances the distribution of mobile sensor nodes that attached to each coordinators. This therefore balances the energy consume among the coordinators and indirectly, delay in data reception is reduced when there are large number of mobile nodes in the system

Performance Evaluation of AODV Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

Topology change is the main factor that affects the network life time of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. In static WSN, the topology change is often caused by node failure which is due to energy depletion. However, in the Mobile WSN (MWSN), the main reason of the topology change is caused by the node movement. Since the mobile sensor nodes are limited in power supply and have a low radio frequency coverage, they are easily losing their connection with neighbours, and have difficulties updating their routing tables. The switching process from one coverage area to another consumes more energy that related to transmitting and receiving association packets. Using Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in MWSN application shows degradation in network performance due to high density and speed of mobile nodes. In this paper, through extensive simulation we evaluated the capability of AODV on how far it can react to network topology change in MWSN. We investigated the performance metrics namely packet loss and energy consumption of mobile nodes with various speed, density and route update interval (RUI). Our performance study demonstrates that by applying the existing AODV in MWSN, the results show a high percentage of packet loss and the reduction in total network energy consumption of mobile nodes if RUI is getting longer due to serious broken link caused by nodes movement. We also identify some key research problems that need to be addressed for successful implementation of AODV in MWSN

Data Analysis of Fly Ash Geopolymer Compressive Strength Using Machine Learning Method

Geopolymer is an alternative material that is suitable to substitute Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to produce concrete. A mixture of geopolymer paste that binds coarse and fine aggregate and other unreacted materials together is called Geopolymer Concrete. Previous studies stated that alkaline activator molarity, water binder ratio, and type of activator played a significant role in the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. Machine learning or artificial neural networks are particularly appropriate for modelling non-linear relationships, and they are characteristically used to accomplish pattern recognition and categorize objects or signals in vision, speech, and control systems. This research is to analyze compressive strength data sets of geopolymer concrete by using the machine learning method. The result comparison of compressive strength is divided into three parameters which are based on molarity, water binder ratio, and the type of activators in the ratio between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). The materials used for the preparation of geopolymer concrete in this study are fly ash as a binder, fine and coarse aggregates, water, sodium silicate sodium hydroxide, and (NaOH) (Na2SiO3) as activators. A total of 240 samples were cast and cured at 80 oC for 24 hours with 28 days age of maturity before it’s have been tested for the compressive strength. This study confirms that the molarity, water binding ratio, and the type of activator pointedly affect the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. The compressive strength was further analyzed by MATLAB to observe the neural network and clustering of the compressive strength data. It is found that there are 9 clusters discovered. The clustering of the compressive strength shows that there is a likeness of material usage in the creation of Geopolymer Concrete

Development Of Conversational Agent To Enhance Learning Experience: Case Study In Pre University

Chatbot is an artificial intelligent application that can converse with a user through textual or auditory method. The chatbot can give a response according to their characteristic and domain knowledge. This study aims to evaluate the use of chatbot named eLVA among students at the Centre for Pre University Studies. A series of 10 questions was distributed to 40 students to evaluate the use of eLVA after they have experienced it. The results indicated that chatbot are most likely to be very helpful in teaching and learning because it has helped students getting an instant response. However, results showed that the main reason for students to stop using chatbot involved getting incorrect information and worried about Chatbot making mistakes. The result further show that there is no significant difference in the use of eLVa between male and female students. The study also found that there is no significant correlation between study program (Physical Sciences/Life Sciences) towards the use of eLVA

Impact of mobility models on social structure formation in opportunistic networks

In mobile opportunistic networks, the network topology is unpredictable and very dynamic due to the existence of the mobile nodes in the network. The nodes’ mobility affect the nodes’ interaction frequency. Hence, it also affecting the social structure formation between nodes. In this paper, we study the impact of different mobility models namely Random Walk, Random Waypoint, Gauss Markov and D-GM on the social structure formation in opportunistic networks. The study shows that different mobility models have different impact on the social structures formation. Based on our experimental results, the Gauss Markov model provides better social structure compared to others because it creates more opportunities for a node to interact with different nodes

Simulation tools for mobile ad-hoc sensor networks: A state-of-the-art survey

Mobile ad-hoc sensor networks (MASNETs) have recently become an important area of research for Mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) researchers. The increasing capabilities and the decreasing costs of sensors make MASNETs applications possible to be deployed in real world. However, before such application can be deployed, their performance need to be measured first. But, the use of real-world measurement is costly and time consuming. Therefore, it is more economical and practical to use simulation tools to simulate MASNETs applications. Although, there are many existing simulation tools for MANETs, most of them are not suitable for MASNETs due to resource-constraint of such networks. Therefore, it is essential to have a survey of the existing simulation tools for MASNETs. In this paper, the comparative study on different simulation tools is conducted to identify the most appropriate tool for MASNET

The effects of transmission power control in mobile ad-hoc sensor networks

Preserving energy is a very critical issue in mobile ad-hoc sensor networks (MASNETs) because sensor nodes have a severe resource constraints due to their lack of processing power and limited in power supply. Since the communication is the most energy consuming activities in MASNETs, the power use for transmission or reception of packet should be managed as much as possible. One way to reduce energy consumption is by applying transmission power control (TPC) technique to adjust the transmission power in communication between nodes. This technique has been widely studied in MASNETs. However, as MASNET applications emerge, the unique characteristics of this network such as severe resource constraints and frequent topology change suggest that TPC might be useful to reduce energy consumption in MASNETs. Therefore, we investigate different effects of TPC on Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocols for MASNETs. AODV is used as a medium of communication to assist the investigation of the effects of TPC in multihop communication in this networks with RandomWay Point (RWP) mobility model. Our simulation results show a noticeable effects of TPC implementation technique on MASNETs in respect to transmission energy consumption and packet received ratio at low node mobility. These results support the use of TPC technique to enhance the performance of multihop AODV routing protocol in MASNETs

Performance evaluation of AODV in MASNETs: Study on different simulators

Nowadays, most of researchers working on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) focus on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MASNETs) due to their wide range of potential applications ranging from underwater monitoring to search and rescue mobile robotics applications. Most of these applications are deployed in remote and unattended areas. Since MASNETs are energy-constrained networks which have a low radio frequency coverage, their network topologies are frequently change due to mobile sensor nodes. In this paper, through extensive simulation of two different simulators namely Avrora and Castalia, we evaluated the capability of Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol on how far it can react to different speed and density of mobile nodes in MASNETs. We investigated the performance of AODV in terms of the average percentage of packet loss with the various speed and density of mobile nodes. Our performance study demonstrates that both simulators show the performance of AODV is significantly decreased in mobile environment due to the frequent topology change in MASNET

An Analytical Study of LEACH Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

—The use of low power sensor nodes to collect useful sensing information effectively is critical for any wireless sensor network (WSN) application to last longer. To increase network lifetime, energy consumption is considered as one of an essential performance metric. Most of the current proposed routing protocols proposed to reduce the amount of energy consumed and to increase the network lifetime. The common pioneer hierarchical routing protocol for wsn such as Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchical Routing (LEACH) is also proposed to improve the energy efficiency of WSN. LEACH is a cluster based routing protocol in which sensor nodes are combined together to form separate clusters and every cluster has a leader node named cluster head (CH). In this paper, we have done the analytical study of LEACH protocol to identify to what extent LEACH protocol can perform in terms of average energy consumption and packet loss for different data rate